The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the connection of devices and/or objects to the internet in order to collect and collate data of how they are being used. Due to its complex systems and cross-border nature, data protection laws regarding the IoT are still being developed and modified by regulators. Therefore businesses have to be wary and keep themselves updated of the legal regulations regarding data collection via the IoT.
The terms and conditions must be transferred demonstrably. Central provisions such as the choice of law or jurisdiction are contained only in the terms and conditions. Therefore rightful inclusion of terms and conditions (best by brief confirmation in a slim framework agreement) guarantees these central provisions.
Business cooperation and the entrance into the Spanish market are often controlled through joint venture agreements. A joint venture is not defined by Spanish law. To determine the legal requirements, general standards of the Spanish Civil and Commercial Code should be applied, particularly Article 1255 of the Civil Code.
The legal provisions laying down the basis for collective dismissals for economic reasons, as they were defined in the Spanish Workers’ Statute, infringe European Directive 98/59/CE and have undergone a change. Now, only the workplace that is affected by restructuring is regarded as the basis for individual and collective dismissals.
In Spain, shelf companies are, in practice, often used to circumvent the lengthy formalities of incorporation. Saving time and less risk are their biggest advantages. On activation of a shelf company, all the shares must be purchased and its bylaws must be amended and adjusted to align with the company’s business purpose. The final step is the publication of the economic re-establishment at the Spanish Registry Court.
To start a business in Spain, the choice of the appropriate legal form is crucial. In Spain, the main corporate forms are sole proprietor, partnership or corporation. Differences are present especially in the cost, time and liability.
Investments in real estate funds in Spain are currently attractive due to low interest rates. For individual investors, there exists the advantage of being able to invest in real estate funds in larger projects such as shopping malls or office complexes. There is a distinction between open and closed real estate funds.
According to corporate regulations in Spanish corporations, the remuneration of the members of the Board of Directors must be approved during the annual general meeting, at least once every three years.
Managers of a company assume liability for actions against third parties. Under the rules of the Spanish General Taxation Law, the Spanish Treasury can hold them accountable for the company´s unsettled tax debts.
The CIRBE (Centre of Risk Information of the Bank of Spain) is a public and confidential data base that collects information about direct and indirect risks for amounts greater than 6000 euros that credit entities have with their clients. Whenever a correction of information is needed, companies have three different possibilities to make a complaint.
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